Creating stored procedures and additional objects in SQL Server Database Project

In the previous post Creating a new SQL Server Database Project we learned how to create SQL Database project, now we are going to show how to work with some other SQL objects like stored procedures, indexes, key, etc.

Adding stored procedure to the project

When you create stored procedure, you have to keep in mind that you have to put your stored procedure in the appropriate folder related to the particular application domain. In your example, we will create stored procedure in 'Application' domain. So at first, let's create folder 'Stored Procedures' in 'Application' folder. After that right-click on created folder → Add → Stored Procedure.

CreateRoleIfNonexistent.sql stored procedure code

CREATE PROCEDURE [Application].CreateRoleIfNonexistent
@RoleName sysname
WITH EXECUTE AS OWNER
AS
BEGIN
    SET NOCOUNT ON;
    SET XACT_ABORT ON;

    IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM sys.database_principals WHERE name = @RoleName AND type = N'R')
    BEGIN
        BEGIN TRY

            DECLARE @SQL nvarchar(max) = N'CREATE ROLE ' + QUOTENAME(@RoleName) + N';'
            EXECUTE (@SQL);

            PRINT N'Role ' + @RoleName + N' created';

        END TRY
        BEGIN CATCH
            PRINT N'Unable to create role ' + @RoleName;
            THROW;
        END CATCH;
    END;
END;

Now we have learned now to create stored procedure in SQL Server Database project.

How to add other SQL objects

Select appropriate folder → right-click on it → Add → New Item.

There are several groups of items:

• Programmability
• Security
• Service Broker
• Server Objects
• SQL CLR
• SQL CLR C#
• Storage
• Table and Views
• User Scripts

If you do not like to search for each group, there is search textbox in the right top corner, and you can use it to find necessary item. Code example for this tutorial could be found using following link https://github.com/aliakseimaniuk/blog-examples/tree/master/WideWorldImporters/02-Add-Stored-Procedure.

Creating a new SQL Server Database Project

In my previous post Migration-base vs State-based database development approach, I've shown two main approaches for database development. Today we will concentrate on state-based approach and learn how to start working with Microsoft Database Project.

Creating new project

Open Visial Studio → click 'File' → 'New' → 'Project'

If you are running Visual Studio 2017 navigate to 'Other languages' → 'SQL server' and select SQL Server Database Project.

After this operation Visual Studio will create an empty database project in the specified folder.

Creating table

To give good understanding for developers about business domains included into the project, the project should be well-structured. It is better to allocate specific schema for each of business domains and put all associated items (stored procedures, tables, triggers, etc.) with the schema in a separate folder. So let's create first business domain with the name 'Application'. At first we have to create folder with name 'Application' in solution. To do that, right-click on solution file → Add → New folder

After you create domain folder, let's create the file with schema. Right-click on 'Application' folder → Add → Script.

Specify an appropriate name for the schema file and make it part of build process. That will allow us to identify issues with SQL code during project compilation.

Application.Schema.sql code

CREATE SCHEMA [Application]
    AUTHORIZATION [dbo];

GO
EXECUTE sp_addextendedproperty 
    @name = N'Description', 
    @value = N'Tables common across the application. Used for categorization and lookup lists, system parameters and people (users and contacts)', 
    @level0type = N'SCHEMA', 
    @level0name = N'Application';

Now we are ready to create our first table. Let's create 'Tables' folder in 'Application' folder and create People table there.

People.sql code

CREATE TABLE [Application].[People] (
    [PersonID]     INT             NOT NULL,
    [FullName]     NVARCHAR (50)   NOT NULL,
    CONSTRAINT [PK_Application_People] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ([PersonID] ASC)
)

GO
EXECUTE sp_addextendedproperty
    @name = N'Description',
    @value = 'Full name for this person',
    @level0type = N'SCHEMA',
    @level0name = N'Application',
    @level1type = N'TABLE',
    @level1name = N'People',
    @level2type = N'COLUMN',
    @level2name = N'FullName';

GO
EXECUTE sp_addextendedproperty
    @name = N'Description',
    @value = 'Numeric ID used for reference to a person within the database',
    @level0type = N'SCHEMA',
    @level0name = N'Application',
    @level1type = N'TABLE',
    @level1name = N'People',
    @level2type = N'COLUMN',
    @level2name = N'PersonID';

GO
EXECUTE sp_addextendedproperty
    @name = N'Description',
    @value = N'People known to the application (staff, customer contacts, supplier contacts)',
    @level0type = N'SCHEMA',
    @level0name = N'Application',
    @level1type = N'TABLE',
    @level1name = N'People';

Finally, we created our first SQL Server Database project. Congrats! Source code related to this tutorial could be found using following link https://github.com/aliakseimaniuk/blog-examples/tree/master/WideWorldImporters/01-Create-Database-Project.

Migration-base vs State-based database development approach

There are two main approaches for the development of SQL databases:

• Transformational (migrations)
• State-based (states)

Transformational or migration-based approach

The idea of the transformational approach is based on database migration from one state to another. After first production release, we will assume that database has its the first state. This state is the starting point for further migrations.

Why do I think that the starting point for migrations should be the first production release? The answer is simple. While the application has not gone into the production stage, it does not make much sense to try to save entered test data. Keeping data complicates development and testing process on earlier stages of project delivery. In this case, it is better to re-create the database each time and insert reference and test data into it. 

The diagram below describes the migration-based approach:

In this method, developers concentrate on writing migrations (M1, M2 .. Mn) from one database state to another (S1, S2 .. Sn). There is a good example of this approach. It is EntityFramework's migration mechanism. For more information, you can navigate and check MSDN article https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj591621(v=vs.113).aspx.

State-based approach

This approach is based on the following paradigm: developers have to maintain the most current snapshot of the database structure. What does it mean? The most convenient way to explain this is to analyze the following example. Let's assume that we have the table below:

CREATE TABLE People (
    PersonID  INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED,
    LastName  VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    FirstName VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    Address   VARCHAR(255) NULL,
    City      VARCHAR(255) NULL
);

At some moment product owner decided to add one more property to the People table. In migration-based world in this particular scenario developer has to create migration script with ALTER TABLE Statement, but in state-base world we need to follow it's the main paradigm, so we need to update table creation script with a new column. Please see below.

CREATE TABLE People (
    PersonID  INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED,
    LastName  VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    FirstName VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    Address   VARCHAR(255) NULL,
    City      VARCHAR(255) NULL,
    Country   VARCHAR(255) NULL
);

So developer needs to keep database structure up-to-date and the tools will do all the work. Cool, right? One of such tools was introduced by Microsoft when they shipped Visual Studio database project.
Let's see how these tools work. On the diagram below, you can find database development schema used by Visual Studio database project.

Microsoft Database project and tools inside of it will be trying to sync the database with current database script. For more info about Microsoft Database Project use https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/xee70aty(v=vs.100).aspx link.

What approach to choose?

It is difficult to say which approach is better or worse for a particular project. Next, I will give some advantages and disadvantages of each approach, which in my opinion play a key role in the choice of the mechanism for developing a database on the project. And you can decide what is the best for you.

Advantages of migration-based approach

• Understandable workflow of data migration
• Full control on generated SQL-scripts

Disadvantages of migration-based approach

• Need write the tool for deployment script generation or pay for existing one
• Developer's onboarding process require more time for understanding how database upgrade works
• The complex mechanism for keeping the database in the actual state. Developer has to revert database to valid state to perform migration because order of migrations is important

Advantages of state-based

• Gives developers access to the current state of the database
• It is easier to audit and view history of changes in source control
• Force developers to keep actual state of the database in source control
• Database script compilation, developers can identify issues with their code during compilation
• Can detect if somebody did manual changes in the production database and sync it with actual schema in source control
• Build-in mechanism for database refactoring

Disadvantages of state-based

• Developers do not have a lot of control over deployment script generation
• Poor support for user data migration
• Additional review of generated script required, developers have to check generated script before deployment

PHP Composer installation: The openssl extension is missing

Composer installation

To install Composer on Windows you have to follow documentation https://getcomposer.org/doc/00-intro.md#installation-windows. 

The openssl extension is missing issue

During installation "The openssl extension is missing..." issues could happen. 

Installation tool helps you to identify php.ini file location. As you already understood, we have to do some modifications in php.ini file to fix the issue. If you have empty php.ini file, then just add following code there:

extension_dir = "ext"
extension=php_openssl.dll

Otherwise open php.ini and uncomment php_openssl.dll extension and specify correct directory for PHP extensions.

Capturing and logging unhandled exception in AngularJs

Everyone knows how important to capture and log unhandled exception in your code. Today we are going to learn how to do that using Angular. In addition, we will implement functionality, which will send unhandled exception to the server.

$exceptionHandler

According to AngularJs website example, it is possible to override standard behavior, but we do not want to do that because it is better to keep default implementation and create decorator, which will extend standard functionality. Please see code below:

(function () {
    'use strict';

    angular
        .module('app', [])
        .config(config);

    config.$inject = ['$provide'];

    function config($provide) {
        $provide.decorator('$exceptionHandler', myExceptionHandler);
    }

    myExceptionHandler.$inject = ['$delegate', '$window'];

    function myExceptionHandler($delegate, $window) {
        return function (exception, cause) {
            // Keep default implementation.
            $delegate(exception, cause);

            // Execute server side logging.
            // Need to wrap to try catch, to prevent infinitive loop.
            try {
                // Cannot use $http service because of circular references.
                $.ajax({
                    type: 'POST',
                    url: '/api/log/',
                    contentType: 'application/json',
                    data: angular.toJson({
                        url: $window.location.href,
                        message: exception.message,
                        stack: exception.stack,
                    })
                });
            }
            catch (e) {
                // Do nothing, browser will display message in console.
            }
        };
    }
})();

Resolving circular reference

The previous example uses jQuery for sending exception data to the server. What to do if you want to use $http?! The first idea, which comes to your mind is to write following code:

myExceptionHandler.$inject = ['$delegate', '$window', '$http'];

function myExceptionHandler($delegate, $window, $http) {
    // Code inside
}

This code will not work, because of circular dependency. Please find below code which resolves the issue:

(function () {
    'use strict';

    angular
        .module('app', [])
        .config(config);

    config.$inject = ['$provide'];

    function config($provide) {
        $provide.decorator('$exceptionHandler', myExceptionHandler);
    }

    myExceptionHandler.$inject = ['$delegate', '$window', '$injector'];

    function myExceptionHandler($delegate, $window, $injector) {
        return function (exception, cause) {
            // Keep default implementation.
            $delegate(exception, cause);

            // Execute server side logging.
            // Need to wrap to try catch, to prevent infinitive loop.
            try {
                // Using $injector to get $http service.
                var http = $injector.get('$http');
                http.post('/api/log/', {
                    url: $window.location.href,
                    message: exception.message,
                    stack: exception.stack,
                });
            }
            catch (e) {
                // Do nothing, browser will display message in console.
            }
        };
    }
})();

Code examples are uploaded to GitHub repository, please use https://github.com/aliakseimaniuk/blog-examples/tree/master/angularjs-exceptions link.

Set default filegroup for Microsoft Database project

1) First of all you have to create new filegroup. To do that add following file to your database project:

DataFileGroup.sql

/*
Do not change the database path or name variables.
Any sqlcmd variables will be properly substituted during 
build and deployment.
*/
ALTER DATABASE [$(DatabaseName)]
    ADD FILEGROUP [DATA]

2) Navigate to Database project properties in Visual Studio. -> Click "Database settings..."

3) Navigate to "Operational" tab -> Set default filegroup using combo-box with created filegroup on step 1.

QA: Decision Tables as specification-based test design technique

Let's start with definitions, per ISTQB glossary:

Decision Table Testing: A black-box test design technique in which test cases are designed to execute the combinations of inputs and/or stimuli (causes) shown in a decision table.

Decision Table: A table showing combinations of inputs and/or stimuli (causes) with their associated outputs and/or actions (effects), which can be used to design test cases.

This technique is using to test all possible combination of conditions, relationships, and constraints. Decision tables usually applied for the integration, system and acceptance test levels. Also, this technique could be used for component testing.
The table should describe relationships between conditions and actions.

Template of Decision Table:

Example:

At least one test case should be created for each column. The number of tests will increase in case of boundaries values in conditions. Boundary Value Analysis and Equivalence Partitioning are additional to the Decision Table technique

Type of defects: functional and non-functional defects